This topic presents in a very simplified way all the main concepts that should be understood by those who know 5G NR.
5G NR Measurement Reporting
5G NR Measurement Reports are how 5G networks manage signal measurements to ensure reliable connectivity and efficient handovers between cells. Devices (UEs) in an active connection (RRC Connected mode) perform and report signal measurements to the base station, focusing on intra-frequency (same frequency), inter-frequency (different frequencies), or inter-system (different networks like LTE) scenarios. Measurements in 5G can be taken at either the beam level (smaller segments of the signal, crucial for precise targeting) or the cell level (overall quality from the cell). Beam-level measurements provide finer granularity, enabling 5G to utilize its advanced beamforming capabilities, which is a step forward from LTE’s simpler cell-focused measurements. Measurement configurations link specific reporting rules (periodic or event-based) to measurement resources like SS/PBCH Blocks or CSI Reference Signals. For instance, periodic reports might include signal strength (RSRP), quality (RSRQ), or noise levels (SINR) at defined intervals, while event-based reports are triggered by specific conditions, like a neighboring cell becoming stronger than the current one (Event A3). Measurement Objects define the resources to be measured, including frequencies and specific cell attributes. Some cells can be “blacklisted” to exclude them from consideration or “whitelisted” for prioritized evaluation. Measurement Gaps are also configured to allow the device to temporarily pause communication with its serving cell to tune into and measure other frequencies or systems. For example, this is critical in millimeter-wave 5G (FR2), where beamforming requires precise alignment, and measurement gaps allow the device to redirect its beam or retune its transceiver. Compared to LTE, 5G enhances this process with more sophisticated configurations, such as support for beam-level measurements, more granular event triggers, and expanded gap management for high-frequency bands. These advancements ensure better mobility, faster handovers, and higher reliability in complex environments. [In a Nutshell: 5G uses advanced signal measurements, reporting rules, and gaps to ensure smooth, reliable handovers and optimized signal checks compared to LTE.]
Imagine LTE and 5G as two cities with road networks. In LTE City, the roads are wide and simple, and drivers only report how crowded or smooth each road is (cell-level measurements). In 5G City, however, the roads are much smarter. Not only do drivers report about the overall road condition, but they also give detailed updates about each lane (beam-level measurements), so traffic can be managed more precisely. In 5G City, if a road starts getting too crowded or bumpy, special rules help drivers switch to a smoother road—or even drive to LTE City if 5G City’s roads aren’t good enough. There are also “pause areas” where drivers can stop briefly to check road conditions ahead before continuing. This clever system in 5G City makes travel faster, smoother, and more reliable than in LTE City. [In a Nutshell: 5G City uses smarter, detailed traffic reports to ensure smoother and more reliable travel compared to LTE City.]
LTE and 5G NR as two cities with road networks: ‘LTE City’ features simple roads with basic infrastructure and drivers reporting overall road conditions (cell-level measurements), appearing traditional and less developed. ‘5G City’ is futuristic, with intricate roads, automated vehicles reporting lane-level conditions (beam-level measurements), and smart systems with sensors actively managing traffic. Detailed lane reports, highlighted with colors, showcase beam-level precision. ‘Pause areas’ allow vehicles to check routes ahead (measurement gaps), and a high-tech bridge connects the two cities, symbolizing inter-system handovers.
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- Cell Level Results
- Layer 3 Filtering
- Event A1
- Event A2
- Event A3
- Event A4
- Event A5
- Event A6
- Event B1
- Event B2
Cell Level Results
resources
In 5G, measurements are taken at the beam level (small sections of a signal), but critical actions like switching cells (handover) or improving connection quality (cell reselection) use cell-level measurements. These cell-level results are calculated by combining the strongest beam measurements, either by averaging or selecting the strongest beam if thresholds are not met. For SS/PBCH Blocks, the averaging considers up to 16 beams, guided by parameters broadcast for reselection or configured for handovers. Similar rules apply to CSI Reference Signals but use dedicated signaling for handover-specific scenarios. Compared to LTE, 5G adds precision by focusing on beam-level measurements for stronger, more flexible connections, and advanced filtering ensures only the best signals are prioritized for smoother mobility and efficient reporting. This approach improves handover decisions and overall network performance, especially in environments with complex signals. [In a Nutshell: 5G uses beam-level precision to enhance cell-level decisions, ensuring better handovers and network performance compared to LTE.]
Imagine LTE and 5G as two neighborhoods with streetlights that help drivers find their way. In LTE, decisions about which road to take (cell handovers) are made based on how bright the whole neighborhood looks from a distance. But in 5G, there’s a much more detailed system—drivers can measure the brightness of individual streetlights (beam-level measurements) and then calculate the overall brightness of the neighborhood (cell-level results). If the main road starts to look dim, the system uses the strongest or average brightness of the nearby streetlights to decide whether to stay or switch roads. This detailed 5G approach ensures drivers always take the clearest, safest path, especially in tricky areas where LTE’s simpler methods might struggle. It’s like having a super-advanced GPS that helps you make smarter decisions about where to go. [In a Nutshell: 5G uses detailed streetlight measurements to guide drivers to the clearest paths, while LTE relies on simpler neighborhood brightness.]
LTE and 5G NR as two neighborhoods with streetlights. In ‘LTE Neighborhood,’ the streetlights are simple and sparse, illuminating entire streets. Decisions about which roads to take (cell handovers) are based on the overall brightness of the entire neighborhood. In contrast, ‘5G Neighborhood’ is more advanced and futuristic, featuring closely spaced streetlights. Each streetlight represents a beam-level measurement, and all lights are connected to a smart system that calculates the overall brightness of the area (cell-level results) using data from individual streetlights.
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5G NR Cell Level Results 
Layer 3 Filtering
Layer 3 filtering in 5G smooths out signal measurements to make them more stable and reliable for decision-making, like handovers or reporting. It uses a formula to combine the latest measurement with past results, controlled by a filter coefficient. Higher coefficients give the filter a “longer memory,” meaning it weighs past data more heavily, which helps in reducing short-term fluctuations. For example, a default filter coefficient balances responsiveness and stability, while larger coefficients smooth data further. The filter is applied in the same units as the measurements—e.g., signal strength (RSRP) in dBm or quality metrics (RSRQ and SINR) in dB. Compared to LTE, 5G’s filtering adapts to higher-frequency and beam-specific requirements, ensuring the results remain consistent regardless of input rates or network conditions, as defined by 3GPP standards. This improves network reliability and user experience by filtering out noise and variability. [In a Nutshell: Layer 3 filtering in 5G smooths signal data by combining past and current results, ensuring stable and reliable decision-making for handovers and reporting.]
Imagine LTE and 5G are like two weather apps helping you decide if it’s a good day for a picnic. LTE’s app checks the weather and tells you the current temperature, but if it changes quickly, you might get confused by sudden ups and downs. 5G’s app, however, is much smarter—it uses a special formula to smooth out sudden temperature jumps by considering past readings too. This “memory” of past weather helps it give you a more stable prediction. If the app uses a short memory, it reacts quickly but might be jumpy. If it uses a long memory, it’s smoother but slower to react. This clever filtering ensures 5G gives you a reliable forecast, even when weather conditions (or signal strength) are changing rapidly, making your decisions easier and more accurate. [In a Nutshell: 5G’s app smooths out weather predictions using memory, helping you decide more confidently, unlike LTE’s immediate but jumpy updates.]
LTE and 5G NR as two weather apps helping users plan a picnic. On the left, the ‘LTE App’ is simple, showing only the current temperature with a bumpy, fluctuating graph that represents immediate but unstable signal readings. On the right, the ‘5G App’ is more advanced, displaying a smoother graph that factors in past readings, representing Layer 3 filtering with memory. The 5G App provides stable and reliable predictions, while the LTE App shows uncertainty with sudden spikes and dips.
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Event A1
Event A1 in 5G is a mechanism that monitors the signal strength of the current serving cell to determine if it has improved beyond a certain threshold. If the signal improves significantly, this event can cancel previously initiated mobility actions, such as switching to another cell, ensuring the device remains connected to the best signal. This is particularly useful when a user temporarily moves to a weaker area and then returns to good coverage. The process uses configurable parameters like a “hysteresis” margin to avoid unnecessary toggling between cells and allows fine-tuning for signal strength (RSRP), quality (RSRQ), or signal-to-noise ratio (SINR). Compared to LTE, this approach is similar but enhanced in 5G with more precise thresholds and a flexible range of timing options, making it more adaptive to varying network conditions and user mobility. [In a Nutshell: Event A1 in 5G cancels unnecessary cell switches when the current signal improves, ensuring devices stay on the best connection with fine-tuned precision.]
Imagine LTE and 5G as two neighboring cities with public transportation systems. In LTE City, the buses (signals) check only if their current route is working fine. If a route gets bad (poor signal), they might switch to a new one, but they don’t quickly adjust back if the old route improves. In 5G City, buses have advanced monitoring systems. They not only check if the current route is smooth but also monitor if it improves after being rough. Event A1 is like the 5G City system deciding to cancel a detour back to the main road if the traffic clears up quickly, ensuring buses stick to the best route without unnecessary switching. Compared to LTE City, 5G City’s system is much smarter, making quicker and more efficient decisions to keep everything running smoothly. [In a Nutshell: 5G City’s advanced transport system keeps buses on the best routes by monitoring and canceling unnecessary changes, unlike LTE City’s simpler approach.]
Event A1 in 5G NR as an advanced bus system, where a bus is shown canceling a detour and smoothly returning to its original route as conditions improve.
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Event A2
Event A2 in 5G is triggered when the signal quality of the current serving cell drops below a certain threshold, indicating that the connection may no longer be reliable. This event is often used to start mobility procedures, such as preparing to switch to another cell (handover). Since Event A2 doesn’t rely on measuring neighboring cells, it can trigger a “blind” mobility process or initiate measurements of potential target cells to guide the decision. For example, if the signal becomes weak near a cell edge, Event A2 may prompt the network to schedule measurements for other frequencies or systems to ensure a smooth transition. The process is fine-tuned using configurable parameters like hysteresis (to avoid unnecessary toggling) and signal thresholds for metrics like signal strength (RSRP), quality (RSRQ), or noise levels (SINR). Compared to LTE, this approach in 5G allows for more flexible and efficient handling of mobility, especially in challenging coverage scenarios, by delaying inter-frequency measurements until they are truly needed. [In a Nutshell: Event A2 triggers early preparations to switch cells when signal weakens, ensuring reliable transitions in 5G.]
Imagine LTE and 5G as two cities managing their power grids. In LTE City, if the electricity (signal strength) in a neighborhood gets weak, the system reacts but often doesn’t prepare ahead of time. In 5G City, the system is smarter—when the power starts dropping in one area, Event A2 is like an early alert that prompts the city to either start redirecting power from a backup source or check for other power lines (neighboring cells) to switch to. Even if the backup isn’t immediately available, the alert ensures preparations are made for a smooth switchover. Compared to LTE City, 5G City’s system is more efficient, only checking for alternatives when truly needed, saving resources while keeping the lights on. [In a Nutshell: 5G City’s system prepares backup power to ensure smooth transitions when outages occur, unlike LTE City’s reactive approach.]
Event A2 in 5G NR is like a 5G City managing its power grid, where a smart grid system detects early drops in power (signal quality) and proactively redirects power from backup sources or prepares alternative power lines (neighboring cells).
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Event A3
Event A3 in 5G is triggered when a neighboring cell’s signal becomes stronger than that of the current serving cell (special cell) by a configurable margin. This margin, or offset, accounts for differences between cells, such as frequency or specific location adjustments, and can be positive or negative. Event A3 is commonly used for both intra-frequency (same frequency) and inter-frequency (different frequencies) handovers. For inter-frequency scenarios, it often follows an Event A2, ensuring that the handover is based on a clear comparison of signal strengths. Parameters like hysteresis (to prevent frequent toggling between cells) and time-to-trigger (to allow stable measurements) help fine-tune the process. Compared to LTE, 5G adds more flexibility with adjustable offsets and improved accuracy, especially for high-frequency or multi-cell configurations, ensuring smooth and reliable transitions between cells. [In a Nutshell: Event A3 ensures a smooth handover by switching to a clearly better neighboring signal in 5G.]
Imagine LTE and 5G as cities with public transport systems, where buses represent signal connections. In LTE City, if a bus route (signal) isn’t performing well, passengers might be moved to a different bus, but the system doesn’t always check if the new route is significantly better. In 5G City, Event A3 works like a smarter transport system that ensures passengers only switch to another bus when the new route is not just available but clearly better by a certain margin. This “margin” accounts for factors like traffic or route conditions (signal offsets and hysteresis). Event A3 is especially helpful when moving between different parts of the city (frequencies), ensuring seamless and reliable switches. Compared to LTE City, 5G City makes smarter, smoother decisions, improving the passenger experience. [In a Nutshell: 5G City’s transport system only switches buses when the new route is clearly better, unlike LTE City’s simpler approach.]
Event A3 in 5G NR is like a 5G City with an advanced public transport system, where a bus dynamically switches to a clearly better route. The better route is highlighted with smooth traffic and indicators, such as traffic signs or a glowing path, symbolizing the configurable margin (offset) that guides the decision, ensuring reliable and efficient handovers between routes.
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Event A4
Event A4 in 5G is triggered when the signal strength of a neighboring cell exceeds a predefined threshold, indicating that the neighboring cell could provide better coverage or capacity. Unlike other events, A4 is not dependent on the current serving cell’s condition, making it useful for procedures like load balancing, where the network shifts users to optimize resource usage rather than focusing solely on signal quality. Configurable parameters, such as hysteresis (to avoid frequent toggling) and offsets specific to frequency or cell characteristics, allow the network to fine-tune when the event is triggered. Metrics like signal strength (RSRP), quality (RSRQ), or noise levels (SINR) are used to evaluate the neighboring cell. Compared to LTE, 5G’s Event A4 offers more flexibility and precision in managing mobility, ensuring that transitions to better cells improve both network efficiency and user experience. [In a Nutshell: Event A4 moves users to better cells when available, improving efficiency and experience in 5G.]
Imagine LTE and 5G as cities with bus systems where buses represent network connections. In LTE City, passengers only switch buses if their current bus isn’t doing well, focusing on fixing immediate issues. In 5G City, Event A4 is like a smarter transport system that checks for better buses nearby, regardless of whether the current bus is running fine. This is useful for balancing passenger loads, ensuring no bus gets overcrowded while others are underused. The system considers factors like bus speed (signal strength), reliability (quality), and noise levels before deciding. Compared to LTE City, 5G City’s advanced system ensures smoother travel by efficiently distributing passengers, improving the entire city’s transport experience. [In a Nutshell: 5G City’s system moves passengers to better buses when available, unlike LTE City’s reactive system.]
![5G NR [Event A4]](https://www.telecomhall.net/uploads/db2683/original/3X/8/d/8dc38c9800af763d39889d9dee66db9b82defe0c.jpeg)
Event A4 in 5G NR is like 5G City with its advanced public transport system, where passengers dynamically switch to better buses nearby. Monitoring systems guide passengers to buses offering smoother rides (better signal strength), greater reliability (quality), and more capacity, illustrating the system’s intelligence in load balancing.
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Event A5
Event A5 in 5G is triggered when the current serving cell’s signal quality (special cell) becomes weaker than a set threshold, and a neighboring cell’s signal becomes stronger than another threshold. This dual condition ensures that handovers are initiated only when the serving cell is no longer adequate, and a neighboring cell offers better service. It is commonly used for time-critical handovers, especially when other events like A3 cannot be applied, such as when the neighboring cell is not already superior in relative terms but meets absolute quality requirements. Parameters like hysteresis (to avoid frequent switching) and offsets specific to frequencies or cells help fine-tune the triggering process. Event A5 supports both intra-frequency and inter-frequency handovers, with flexible thresholds for signal strength (RSRP), quality (RSRQ), or noise levels (SINR). Compared to LTE, 5G’s Event A5 offers enhanced flexibility and precision, enabling smoother and more reliable transitions in challenging network scenarios. [In a Nutshell: Event A5 ensures a handover only when the serving cell weakens and a better neighboring cell is available, optimizing transitions in 5G.]
Imagine LTE and 5G as two cities with bus systems, where buses represent signal connections. In LTE City, passengers switch buses when their current bus becomes unreliable, but the system doesn’t always check if the new bus is significantly better. In 5G City, Event A5 acts like a dual-check system—it moves passengers only when their current bus becomes too slow (weak signal) and another bus nearby is faster and more comfortable (better signal). This ensures transitions only happen when necessary and worthwhile, avoiding disruptions. Event A5 is especially helpful for urgent switches when standard checks (like Event A3) don’t apply. With its precise rules and thresholds, 5G City offers smoother and smarter bus changes, making it far more efficient than LTE City’s simpler approach. [In a Nutshell: 5G City uses dual checks to move passengers only when a significantly better bus is available, ensuring smooth and efficient travel.]
Event A5 in 5G NR as a bus system where passengers dynamically switch to a better bus only when their current bus becomes too slow (weak signal) and a nearby bus is significantly faster and more comfortable (better signal). The illustration features visual indicators such as a slow bus and a glowing, more efficient bus nearby, with passengers transitioning smoothly between them.
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Event A6
Event A6 in 5G is triggered when a neighboring cell’s signal becomes better than the current serving cell (special cell) by a specified margin, known as an offset. This event is used for handovers based on relative signal comparisons, ensuring that the device (UE) moves to a cell offering relatively better radio conditions. Unlike other events, A6 focuses on the relative improvement rather than absolute coverage, making it suitable for scenarios like optimizing signal quality. Parameters like hysteresis (to avoid frequent switching), frequency-specific offsets, and time-to-trigger settings allow the network to fine-tune the process. Metrics such as signal strength (RSRP), quality (RSRQ), or noise levels (SINR) determine when the event is triggered. Compared to LTE, 5G’s Event A6 offers more precision and configurability, enabling smoother handovers and better optimization in dense or high-frequency networks. [In a Nutshell: Event A6 triggers a handover when a neighboring cell offers relatively better conditions, ensuring smoother transitions in 5G.]
Imagine LTE and 5G as cities with bus systems, where buses represent signal connections. In LTE City, passengers might switch to another bus if their current one struggles, but the decision isn’t always based on how much better the new bus is. In 5G City, Event A6 is like a system that compares two buses—the one you’re on and a nearby one—and only moves you if the new bus is clearly better by a set margin (offset). This ensures passengers always end up on the best route without unnecessary switches. Unlike other events, A6 focuses on improving the ride rather than just fixing bad conditions. With advanced tools to adjust margins and timing, 5G City’s system provides smoother, smarter handovers, especially in busy areas, making it a step ahead of LTE City’s simpler methods. [In a Nutshell: 5G City’s system compares buses to move passengers only when the new route is clearly better, ensuring smoother travel.]
5G NR Event A6 in 5G City emphasizes the offset in decision-making for passengers switching buses. The scene shows two buses: one represents the current bus, which is adequate but less optimal, and the other is a glowing, better bus with smoother features and greater comfort. A clear offset indicator, such as a margin or threshold line, is displayed by smart monitoring systems, guiding passengers to evaluate and transition to the better bus only when the offset criteria are met.
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Event B1
Event B1 in 5G is triggered when the signal from a neighboring network, such as LTE, exceeds a specified threshold, signaling that a handover to the other system may be beneficial. Unlike other events, Event B1 does not rely on the current serving cell’s signal strength or quality, focusing solely on the neighboring network’s performance. This is commonly used for inter-system handovers, such as transitioning from 5G NR to LTE. The thresholds for metrics like signal strength (RSRP), quality (RSRQ), or signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) can be fine-tuned, along with hysteresis (to prevent frequent switching) and time-to-trigger settings. Compared to LTE, Event B1 in 5G supports more precise configurations, enabling smoother transitions between 5G and LTE networks, ensuring consistent service even when moving between systems. [In a Nutshell: Event B1 triggers handovers based on the neighboring network’s strength, enabling smooth transitions between 5G and LTE.]
Imagine LTE and 5G as two neighboring cities connected by bridges, where the bridges represent handovers between networks. In LTE City, decisions to cross a bridge depend on the conditions in both cities, but this can make transitions slower. In 5G City, Event B1 works like a lookout that focuses only on the neighboring city (LTE). If the roads (signal strength) in LTE City are clear and meet a certain quality threshold, passengers are sent across the bridge, regardless of how things are in 5G City. This ensures smoother transitions between the cities when needed. With tools like adjustable thresholds and timing, 5G’s Event B1 makes inter-city travel (network handovers) faster, more reliable, and more efficient than LTE’s simpler systems. [In a Nutshell: 5G City’s system monitors the bridge to send passengers across when the neighboring city offers better conditions, ensuring smooth travel.]
Event B1 in 5G City as two neighboring cities connected by a bridge, symbolizing the handover between 5G and LTE networks. The focus is on a smart monitoring system (lookout) in 5G City, which evaluates the conditions in LTE City. Passengers are shown preparing to cross the bridge because LTE City’s roads (signal strength) meet the required quality threshold.
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Event B2
Event B2 in 5G is triggered when the signal quality of the current 5G (NR) serving cell falls below a set threshold, while the signal quality of a neighboring LTE cell exceeds another threshold. This event ensures a seamless handover from 5G to LTE when the 5G coverage becomes weak, and the LTE cell meets the required performance standards. It uses absolute signal measurements to evaluate both the serving and neighboring cells, allowing precise decisions about when to initiate the transition. Parameters like hysteresis (to avoid frequent switching) and configurable thresholds for signal strength (RSRP), quality (RSRQ), or noise levels (SINR) allow networks to optimize this process. Compared to LTE, Event B2 in 5G enables smoother inter-system handovers, improving reliability by adapting to different coverage conditions between 5G and LTE networks. [In a Nutshell: Event B2 ensures seamless handovers from 5G to LTE when 5G weakens and LTE offers better conditions.]
Imagine LTE and 5G as two neighboring cities connected by a bridge, with each city having its own transport system. In 5G City, buses (signals) usually offer a fast and smooth ride, but if they start breaking down (signal quality drops below a threshold), Event B2 acts like a bridge manager. It checks the conditions in LTE City to see if its buses are running better (neighboring LTE signal exceeds a threshold). If the LTE buses are more reliable, passengers (users) are guided across the bridge for a smoother journey. This ensures no one is stuck in 5G City when its roads are in poor condition. Unlike LTE’s simpler system, Event B2 in 5G carefully evaluates both cities before making the switch, offering smarter, more reliable handovers to keep everyone connected. [In a Nutshell: 5G City ensures passengers switch to LTE City only when its buses offer a smoother ride, keeping everyone moving efficiently.]
*Event B2 in 5G NR as a bridge connecting 5G City and LTE City, with passengers transitioning from a weakening 5G signal to a stronger LTE signal. *
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Quick Summary
- Cell Level Results: Aggregates beam-level data for decisions like handovers and reselection, ensuring smoother transitions. (Like calculating the overall brightness of a neighborhood by averaging the brightness of individual streetlights.)
- Layer 3 Filtering: Stabilizes signal measurements by combining past and present data, reducing fluctuations for reliable reporting and handovers. (Like a weather app smoothing sudden temperature changes by considering past readings for more reliable forecasts.)
- Event A1: Cancels mobility actions when the serving cell’s signal improves, keeping the device on the best connection. (Like a bus returning to its original route after traffic clears up.)
- Event A2: Triggers preparation for cell handover when the serving cell’s signal weakens. (Like a city redirecting power or preparing backup power lines when electricity drops in an area.)
- Event A3: Initiates handover when a neighboring cell’s signal becomes stronger than the serving cell’s signal by a specific margin. (Like switching to a bus that is clearly better than the current one, ensuring smoother rides.)
- Event A4: Switches to a neighboring cell when its signal strength exceeds a predefined threshold, useful for load balancing. (Like moving passengers to a nearby bus with more capacity, even if the current bus is fine.)
- Event A5: Ensures handover only when the serving cell weakens and a neighboring cell offers significantly better conditions. (Like switching buses only when the current one slows down and another one is clearly faster and more comfortable.)
- Event A6: Moves to a neighboring cell offering relatively better conditions, focusing on optimization. (Like switching to a bus that is better by a specific margin, ensuring smoother travel.)
- Event B1: Triggers inter-system handovers (e.g., 5G to LTE) when the neighboring network’s signal exceeds a threshold. (Like crossing a bridge to another city when the neighboring city offers better conditions.)
- Event B2: Ensures seamless handover from 5G to LTE when 5G weakens and LTE provides better performance. (Like guiding passengers to another city’s buses when the current city’s buses slow down and the neighboring city offers smoother rides.)
That’s it. 
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