Starlink and Link-Budget 101!

Sunday School: Starlink and Link-Budget 101!

There are many people who think that SpaceX can do d2d indoors but “Ye cannae change the law of physics”.

RF is RF, from a satellite 550km away, or a Cell site 1km away. Your phone needs a signal above around -110dBm for a poor connection, -75dBm for a high speed connection, and loses connectivity at ~-120dbm. Signals get lower with distance & blocking materials

Fine for talking to a mobile 1-10km away. For 10km away it needs to broadcast 10x10 (distance squared) or 100x power to talk to a cell tower 1km away to compensate for ‘free space loss’. Or in the same terms above, +20dB

:satellite: For 550km (Low Earth Orbit where Starlink sits) it would need to use 55x55 power compared to 10km i.e. x3000/35dB to compensate to 10km, and 54dB to compensate compared to a mobile site 1km away. They have a much larger antenna, +20 dB gain compared to terrestrial, but that’s much lower than that additional free space loss.

:framed_picture: With line-of-sight of the sky, it’s possible to connect but with a much slower speed.

:department_store: Buildings add ~10dB (1/10th) losses through timber & regular glass, ~20dB (1/100) through brick & coated glass, ~30dB (1/1000th) though a concrete roof. So in building your signal’s 20dB less than outdoors for terrestrial (through the walls) 30dB less for satellite. If you were -110dBm outdoors, you’ll be -140dBm indoors and simply unable to ‘hear’ the satellite. Combined, indoor Satellite is 65dB lower signal than outdoor mobile to a cell-tower 1km away. That is 3,000,000 times less signal!

So to summarise: Baselining 1km outdoor at a nominal -75dBm getting 100Mbps :up_right_arrow: with Free Space Loss of 47.55dB at 1.8GHz

:one:: 10 Km outdoor, 20dB less = -95dBm :right_arrow: 5Mbps.
:two:: 550 Km outdoor, 55dB loss, plus 20dB gain = -110dBm :down_right_arrow: 50-100kbps.
:three:: 1 Km Indoor, 20dB less = -95dBm :right_arrow: 5Mbps.
:four:: 10 Km Indoor, 20+20 dB less = -115dBm :down_right_arrow: 50kbps.
:five:: 550 Km Indoor, 55+30 dB less, plus 20dB gain = -140dBm :no_entry: 0kbps.

Indoors, it’s physics which says it’s not possible, not a disruptor.

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